August 2021

Attaining accurate quantitative results in atomic spectroscopy requires proper calibration, especially when measuring low-level concentrations near detection limits. This tutorial explains key concepts of calibration, illustrated with specific examples.

This article explains the key steps of using Raman technology to investigate carbon and carbon-based materials—such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon fibers and composites—as well as the process of analyzing the spectra.

In SERS experiments, the excitation laser power needs to be kept at a level that enables detection but avoids damaging the sample, as these examples illustrate.